Electromobility has become increasingly important in recent years, with the focus primarily on fully integrated batteries. Swappable battery systems are still in their early stages in Germany.

This study compares swappable battery systems with conventional integrated battery systems in terms of technical, economic and ecological aspects, with the focus on the electric passenger car segment.

The results of a survey of around 2,000 users and an analysis of the effects on the battery, vehicle construction and infrastructure show that swappable battery systems can address several key barriers of electromobility. They offer solutions to various obstacles that users currently associate with electromobility. They also reduce peak loads and enable older vehicles to be retrofitted with modern battery technologies, thereby promoting the principles of a circular economy. However, swappable battery systems require a high initial investment, extensive standardization measures and adjustments to the vehicle design.

Economically, swappable battery systems and conventionally integrated battery systems have advantages and disadvantages. While charging stations are currently more profitable, business models such as “battery-as-a-service” – i.e., leasing batteries – could increase the profitability of exchangeable batteries. The regional economic effects are higher for charging stations in the production phase, but significantly lower in the operating phase.

Ecologically, the emissions and resource consumption of both concepts are comparable. Swappable batteries, however, offer potential resource savings as batteries can be tailored to mobility needs, and their standardization enables more efficient recycling processes.

A task force initiated by the government could build on these findings and facilitate the implementation of measures to support a successful market launch. Further research should investigate swappable battery systems in light vehicles and freight transport.